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简历
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姓 名∶何坏宏
出 生 日 期∶1954年12月11日
出 生 地
点∶江西省清江县（现为樟树市）
学 位∶哲学博士
现 在 任
职∶北京大学哲学系教授，伦理学教研室主任
指导研究生资格：博士生导师
通 讯 地
址∶100871，北京大学哲学系
1989--1995∶中国青年政治学院，副教授
1993--1994：美国哈佛大学，访问学者
1995--1998：中国文化研究所，研究员
1998．5--:
北京大学哲学系，教授
著作目录
一、学术专著∶
《生命的沉思──帕斯卡尔评述》，中国文联出版公司1988
《契约伦理与社会正义──罗尔斯正义论中的历史与理性》，中国人民大学出版社
1993
《良心论──传统良知的社会转化》，上海三联书店1994年版，98年11月获大陆首次民间学术基金奖──正则思想学术奖
《世袭社会及其解体──中国历史上的春秋时代》，北京三联书店"哈佛燕京学术丛书"1996
《底线伦理》，辽宁人民出版社1998
《选举社会及其终结──秦汉至晚清历史的一种社会学阐释》，北京三联书店"哈佛燕京学术丛书"1998
《道德·上帝与人》，北京新华出版社1999
二、翻译著作∶
《伦理学概论》，[美]梯利著，中国人民大学出版社1987
《道德箴言录》[法]拉罗什福科著，北京三联书店1987
《沉思录》[古罗马]马可·奥勒留·安东尼著，中国社会科学出版社1989
《无政府，国家与乌托邦》，[美]诺齐克著，中国社会科学出版社1991
《伦理学体系》（主译）[德]包尔生著，中国社会科学出版社1988（台北淑馨出版社1989）
《正义论》（主译）[美]罗尔斯著，中国社会科学出版社1988（台北结构群文化事业有限公司1990，盗印)
《超越的爱》（合译）[美]辛格著，中国社会科学出版社1992
《帕斯卡尔文选》（合译），三联书店1992
三、其他著作：
《若有所思》，上海人民出版社1988
《珍重生命》，广东教育出版社1996（香港三联书店1996，台湾书林出版有限公司1996）
《心灵瞬间》，上海人民出版社1996年9月
《何怀宏散文》上、下册，北京：中国广播电视出版社1997
四、主要学术论文（至99年6月）∶
"试析萨特的自由本体论"，《现代外国哲学》第4集，北京：人民出版社1983
"试析萨特的自由伦理学"，《现代外国哲学》第5集，人民出版社1984
"自由的概念∶萨特自由哲学的再考察"，《现代外国哲学》第7集，人民出版社1985
"中西文化的融汇与冲突"，《中国人民大学学报》，1989年第6期
"自然状态与社会伦理"，《知识分子》，1989年第1期
"认真对待乌托邦思想"，《知识分子》，1989年第2期
"从传统引申：和平与政治秩序的关联"，《学人》第7辑，江苏文艺出版社1995
"现代社会与道德原则的普遍化"，《二十一世纪》（香港），1993年6月号
"关于'civil
disobedience'的翻译"，《中国书评》（香港），1994，总第2期
"'封建社会'概念的由来"，《二十一世纪》（香港），1995年6月号
"春秋世族述略"，《中国文化》，1995年秋季号，第12期
"传统社会的进身之道──八股取士的重估"，《战略与管理》，1996年第4期，
"清代朱卷的应试功能"，《中国社会科学季刊》（香港）第16期，1996年8月
"康德论改革与服从"，载"公共论丛"第2辑，三联书店
1996年10月
"儒家的人生观"，收在《对话：儒释道与基督教》，北京：社会科学文献出版社，1998
"假如没有上帝，道德如何可能？"，《南昌大学学报》1999年第1期（季刊）
"儒家的平等观及其制度化"，载《国际儒学研究》第6辑，中国社会科学出版社1999
五、
其他文章若干（97-99.6）：
"立足于正当的基础"，《人民日报》，1997年3月14日
"一种普遍主义的底线伦理学"，《读书》，1997年4月号
"共识与分歧"，《中国社会科学季刊》（香港），1997年8月号
"一个问题的变迁"，《学术思想评论》第2辑，辽宁大学出版社1997.10
"普遍伦理如何可能？"，《岭南文化时报》，1998年6月20日
"在经济学与伦理学之间"，《读书》，1998年第12期
"陀思妥耶夫斯基与现时代"，《东方》（北京），1998年12月第1
期（复刊第1期）
"学术评论：从强调规范到关注思想"，《南方日报》，1998年8月30日
"历史与永恒"，《中华英才》，1998年第3期，"名人自述"
"历史的凝视"、"生计"、"眷恋"、"环保意识"、"责任观念"，分别载《中华英才》1998年第15、17、18、19、22期
"人生圆桌"，《人民文学》，1998年第10期
"陀思妥耶夫斯基笔下的俄罗斯思想者"，《方法》，1999年第1
期
"德沃金的王牌"， 《中国图书商报
书评周刊》1999年3月30日
"青年与理想"，《华声》月刊，1999年第5期
"人类最悲惨的思想"，《天涯》1999年第3期
"怜悯的爱"，《中国青年政治学院学报》1999年第3期
"探讨一种底线伦理"（访谈），《南方周末》，1997年12月26日
"在新世纪的门槛上"（访谈），北大哲学系研究生会《学园》第2期，1998年9月
"生命的原则"（访谈），《中国青年报》，1998年12月9日
"底线伦理与世纪反思"（访谈），《光明日报》，1998年12月10日
"穿越尘埃重读孔孟"（访谈）《中国图书商报
书评周刊》1999年
"何怀宏的伦理视野"（访谈），
《中国图书商报
书评周刊》1999年6月15日
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A byname is a surname. In particular, it
is a non-hereditary surname given to an individual
in order to describe him in some way. Bynames
contrast with the inherited surnames which
are almost universal in the modern world.
Individual bynames, on the other hand, were
the most common style of surnaming used in
most of medieval Europe. Over the course of the Middle Ages, individual
bynames gave way to inherited surnames, so
that a man's surname was no longer a literal
description except by coincidence. This shift
happened at different times in different
places, but by the end of our period, inherited
surnames were typical of most Western European
cultures [1].
Most medieval bynames were simple and straightforward:
your father's name, your home village, your occupation, or perhaps
some notable personal characteristic. Sometimes
the same kinds of ideas were expressed in
more elaborate ways, but the ideas remained
very down-to-earth.
Bynames basically come in four flavors:
patronymic;
locative;
occupational and status; and
nicknames.
These four types of byname are found in almost
every medieval European culture, though of course the relative frequency
and grammatical construction vary considerably
from one language to the next [2]. We've
chosen to illustrate this discussion with
medieval English examples, but the general
principles apply to most medieval European
languages. The indented paragraphs delve
a little more deeply into English naming
practices, and don't apply generally. An
appendix lists good sources for choosing
bynames from other medieval languages.
A patronymic byname identifies you as your
father's child. Patronymics are an old and
common type of byname in most period European
cultures. English and some other cultures
also used metronymics, bynames referring
to your mother; they did _not_ connote bastardy.
Not all cultures used metronymics, though,
and patronymics were always more common.
There are three main types of patronymic
in English. The earliest style in English
simply used the parent's name as a byname,
e.g. Geoffrey Anketil 1209 was the son of
a man named Anketil. When the father's name
was used as a byname without modification,
we sometime call it an unmarked patronymic.
Later you get forms like Thomas Richardes
1327 'Richard's Thomas' or Robert Willeson
1324 'Will(e)'s son', corresponding to modern
Richards and Wilson. This last type is usually
constructed, as in this example, from a pet form of a name that was popular
in the Middle Ages, not with full forms of
those names or with names carried over in
modified form from Old English.
A locative byname identifies you by the place
where you live, work, or were born, or by
the land you own. There are two broad categories
of locative: toponymic and topographical.
A toponymic byname refers to a named place,
i.e., it incorporates a proper noun.
Up to about 1400 the usual English form is
de X, where X is the name of a town, though
in speech de was probably replaced by of;
examples are de York 1324 and de Brunnesley
1198. After c.1400 the preposition was simply
dropped, and indeed it wasn't always used
even in earlier records (e.g., Richard Wangeford
1296).
Topographical bynames refer to features of
the local landscape, either natural or man-made.
In a sense, your byname is your address:
It tells people where you live or where you
work.
In general, someone was named after a large place only after he left it: The name Simon Welsche
1279 wouldn't distinguish a man from every
other Simon in Wales; but it was apparently
a good identifier in Bedfordshire where Welshmen
were rare. People were usually named after
large places when they had moved a long distance.
On the other hand, Richard Overthegate 1327
would hardly have been a useful identifier
if Richard ventured more than a few miles
away from the gate for which he was named.
By far the most common preposition in medieval
English usage was at, generally combined with the definite
article as atte 'at the' (or some minor variant).
Typical examples are Attewode 1243 'at the
wood' and Attemille 1242 'at the mill'. Many
other prepositions also occur: Vnderegge
1194 'under edge', for someone who lived
at the foot of an escarpment, Overthebek
c.1270 'over the beck (i.e., stream)', Bithewaye
1243 'by the way', for someone who lived
by the road, and in theffelde 1333 'in the
field' are good examples. Just about the
_least_ common preposition is of, though
it does occur once in a while, e.g., othe
felde 1327 'of the field' [3]. In most cases
the preposition (and article, if present)
were eventually lost; the full forms are
rare after c.1400. In a few cases they were
fused with the noun, as in the modern names
Atwood, Attwater, and Underhill.
Occupational and status bynames identify
you by an occupation or rank. In this category
we include both literal identifications,
like John Smith for a man who was a smith,
and figurative descriptions, like Agnes le
Pope c.1230, who certainly was not the Pope!
Something about her behavior led people to
give her that byname, which could well have
been sarcastic or even insulting.
Up to about 1400 these are often found in
English with the definite article, which
is almost always written as the French le
or la, though that probably doesn't represent
spoken usage. Some typical examples are Ysabelle
la Lauendere 1253 'the laundress', le Fithelare
1275 'the fiddler', le Horsmongere 1279 'horse-dealer',
and le Bakere 1177 'the baker'. Bynames referring
to rank and station also appear with the
article, as in le Freman 1221 'the freeman',
le Erl 1255 'the earl', and Agnes le Pope
c.1230 'the pope', but there are also many
early examples without it, e.g., Henry Pope
1296 and any number of 13th century examples
of the byname Kyng.
An important category overlaps between locative
and status bynames: ethnic bynames. These
are bynames which identify you by your nationality,
religion, or ethnic group. In many cases,
they are based on much smaller regions than
the nationalities we used in the modern world,
right down to cities and towns. William le
Bret 1230 was a Breton or Briton, while Hugh
le Pycard 1276 was from Picardy in northwestern
France.
Nicknames are a grab-bag of all bynames that
don't fit into any of the first three classes,
but some common types can be identified.
In this class we include nicknames describing
physical, mental, or moral characteristics
of the bearer. Many were derogatory and others
were ironic: although they appear to be complementary,
they were not. For example, Henry Bigge 1177
might have been a small man. The most common
nicknames were very simple and concrete:
Hamo le Reed 1296 'the red', Roger le Wis
1203 'the wise'. Others were more abstract:
Gilbert Wysdom 1243, Walter Boost 1327 'boast'.
A common category was metonymic bynames,
which identified your occupation by naming
a tool you used or a product you produced
or sold. Thomas Mayle 1296 could have been
a maker of mail armor and Geoffrey wythe
Hameres 1303 'with the hammers' was a maker
or user of hammers rather than a man who
owned some notable hammers.
More complex names existed in some languages,
including English, though they were always
less common. Here are some interesting English
examples: Wythe Berd 1297 'with the beard'
(actually mis-spelled Wychthe Berd), Braz
de fer 1205 'iron-arm'; Smalbyhind' 1379
'small behind'; Shirloc 1159 'bright-lock,
i.e., fair-haired', now Sherlock; Yrento
1209 'iron-toe'; le Oneyede 1293 'the one-eyed';
le Long 1290-92; Cunteles 1219 'cunt-less';
le Lechur 1249 'the lecher'; Wysheued 1327
'wise-head'; le Gidye 1219 'the mad' (now
giddy, with much weakened sense); Wytelas
1275 'witless'; le Gode 1212 'the good';
le Cruel 1251; le Wilfulle 1275; Notegood
1375 'not good'; Swetemouth 1327 'sweet mouth';
Foulmouth 1286.
Other English descriptive bynames refer to
articles of clothing, e.g., Wytebelt 1307
'white belt', Wythemantel 1297 'with the
mantle'; Scortmantil 1312 'short mantle'.
In some cases, like Gilbert Hodde 1225 'hood',
such bynames may be occupational rather than
physically descriptive: Gilbert may have
been a maker of hoods. Robert Rotenheryng
1297 'rotten herring' was probably a fish-seller!
Other conditions not falling into any of
the foregoing categories can be described
by nicknames: John le Wyfles 1327 presumably
had no wife. Occasionally one finds nicknames
apparently commemorating a particular event,
like Falinthewol 1301 'fall in the well',
though this particular name is found often
enough to make us wonder whether it embodies
some popular expression; perhaps it refers
to a dreamer or a very clumsy person. Perhaps
a better example is the rather cryptic Latethewaterga
1242 'let the water go', about which one
could produce endless conjectures! In general,
though, these complex, cryptic nicknames
are rare. They didn't exist in every language.
Particularly interesting are the English
nicknames of 'Shakespeare' or 'pickpocket'
type: Brekelaunce 1334 'break lance'; Hakkeches'
1227 'hack cheese', for a cheesemonger; Makepais
1219 'make peace'; Mangeharneis 1228 'eat
harness, i.e., armor'; Singgemasse 1187 'sing
mass'; Brekebac 1269 'break back'; cuttepurs
1275 'cut purse'; John Fillecunt 1246 'fill
cunt' (who might have had difficulty with
Bele Wydecunthe 1327!); and Strokelady 1327
'stroke lady'. Other types of phrases, sometimes
even more elaborate, were sometimes used:
Agnes Singalday 1309 'sing all day', John
Brekaldoun 1327 'break all down'; Drink al
up 1282 'drink all up'; Gobytheweye 1327
'go by the way'; Haldebytheheved 1301 'hold
by the head'; Potfulofale 1302 'pot full
of ale'; Adam Fayrarmful 1246 'fair armful';
William Fayrandgode 1301 'fair (handsome)
and good'; William Aydrunken 1279 'always
drunk'; Badinteheved 1275 'bad in the head';
and the mysterious Elias Overandover 1311
'over and over'.
In conclusion we can't resist mentioning
Henry Lytilprud 1301 'little worth' and his
wife Hawisia Crist a pes 'Christ have peace!';
her byname probably records a favorite expression
of this apparently long-suffering woman.
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